CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
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1
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The Historical Underpinnings Of Bankruptcy — A Very Brief Primer
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2 |
The Genesis Of U.S. Bankruptcy Law |
3
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Working De?nition Of “Bankruptcy” And “Reorganization”
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4 |
Why Are You Reading This Book?
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4 |
Standard Lawyerly Cautionary Information |
6 |
CHAPTER TWO: Chapter II: The Reorganization Process |
7 |
The “Bankruptcy Code”: What Is A “Chapter 11 Bankruptcy”?
What Is A “Chapter 7 Bankruptcy”? What Do People Mean
When They Throw Around “Code Sections” In Conversation?
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7 |
Who Is Eligible For Chapter 11 Reorganization? |
9 |
What’s All This Talk About “Cross-Border Insolvencies?” |
10 |
Getting The Process Started |
10 |
What’s This “Insolvency” Thing? |
11 |
The “Pecking Order”—
Payment Priorities In Reorganization Cases
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12 |
The “Secured Creditor" |
12 |
The “Administrative And Priority Claimants” |
12 |
The “General Unsecured Creditors” |
12 |
The “The Equityholders: |
13 |
The The "Off Balance Sheet Creditors” |
13 |
The The “Reorganization Process” |
13 |
“It’s A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World” —
The Reorganization Process As Popular Entertainment
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14 |
What Exactly Is The Reorganization
Process Designed To Accomplish?
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16 |
Allow For A Cooling Of Tempers |
17 |
Allow The Debtor’s Business A Chance To Stabilize |
17 |
Level The Playing Field |
17 |
Allow For And Encourage Financial and Operational Introspection |
17 |
Allow Alliances To Form |
17 |
Allow A Consensus To Build |
17 |
Assist With "Holdouts" |
18 |
Centralize Disputes |
18 |
Allow For Plan Formulation And Con?rmation |
18 |
The Odds (How The Deck Is Stacked) |
18 |
The Players And Their Roles |
19 |
The DIP |
20 |
The Secured Creditors |
21 |
The Official Unsecured Creditors Committee |
22 |
The Official Equityholders Committee |
23 |
“Ad Hoc” Committees |
23 |
Parties To “Executory Contracts And Unexpired Leases" |
24 |
The Examiner |
25 |
The Trustee |
25 |
The U.S. Trustee |
26 |
The Bankruptcy Court |
26 |
The District Court And Appellate Courts |
27 |
The “Interlopers” |
28 |
The Professional Team |
29 |
The “Proactive” versus “Reactive” Reorganization Cases —
The Need For A Viable Exit Strategy
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36 |
The Three Phases Of An Exit Strategy —
“Identi?cation,” “Action Items,” And “Implementation”
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37 |
The Ultimate In Proactive Bankruptcies:
The “Prepackaged Bnkruptcy"
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39 |
CHAPTER THREE: The New Realities |
41 |
Making The Transitions—Attitudinal Adjustments |
41 |
The Reorganization “Inverted Bell Curve” |
42 |
The Elastic Concept Of Time In Chapter 11 Reorganizations |
43 |
The Personal Toll |
43 |
Prepare For The Inevitable Personal Attacks |
43 |
New Stresses On Management |
43 |
"Hand Holding" |
43 |
“A Death In The Family” |
44 |
Executive Compensation |
44 |
Need To Be Accessible To Your Professional Team And Creditor Constituencies |
44 |
Just Whom Does My Lawyer Represent Anyway? |
45 |
Going To Court Early To Get The “Lay Of The Land” |
46 |
“Show Me The Money!” |
46 |
The “Sacrificial Lambs" |
47 |
Life In A Fishbowl (Including The Ultimate Fishing
Expedition— The “2004 Examination”) |
47 |
Your New Business Partners — Everybody’s Got An Opinion |
48 |
Keeping The World Informed |
48 |
Working With Committees |
48 |
The Company IS In Play — Live With It |
49 |
The “Revlon Duty To Shop” |
49 |
The “Predatory Constituents” |
50 |
Protecting The Franchise:
Confidentiality Agreements And “Chinese Walls"
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50 |
So Explain Again Why I Decided To Make This Trip? |
51 |
CHAPTER FOUR: Surviving To Plan Confirmation |
52 |
The Venue Game |
52 |
The “Order For Relief ” — Let The Games Begin! |
55 |
The “Estate” — What Exactly Is It? |
56 |
The Automatic Stay |
57 |
Scope (The Good News) |
57 |
Exceptions (The Bad News) |
60 |
Relief From Stay And The Concept Of “Adequate Protection” |
61 |
First Day Orders |
65 |
The Beauty Of “Interim Orders” And “Negative Notice” |
67 |
“Excuse Me, But Your Golden Parachute Has Some Rust On It” —   Management Severance In Corporate Restructurings |
68 |
Packages For Non-Senior Level People —   Pre-BAPCPA and post BAPCPA |
70 |
Preconfirmation Severance And Indemnity
  Arrangements For Senior Level Executives — Pre-BAPCPA |
70 |
BAPCPA Changes To Post-Bankruptcy Severance/Retention Arrangements |
72 |
Postconfirmation Severance And Indemnity Arrangements For Senior Level Executives |
76 |
Bankruptcy Court Approval Of All Severance Arrangements Is Necessary |
77 |
Financing The Preconfirmation Operations |
77 |
Cash Collateral Use |
78 |
DIP Financing |
82 |
Stabilizing The Business Operations |
86 |
Reestablishment Of Trade Terms And Credit |
86 |
“Ordinary Course” Transactions |
87 |
Reporting Requirements And Other Annoyances |
87 |
Statements And Schedules |
88 |
Interim Operating Reports |
92 |
Dealing With Utility Companies |
93 |
Dealing With The SEC |
94 |
Dealing With D&O Lawsuits |
95 |
Protecting The D&O Insurance Policy |
95 |
Securities Fraud Claims Injunctions |
95 |
Dealing With The “Special Claims” |
95 |
The EPA And Environmental Cleanup Claims |
96 |
The PBGC and Underfunded Pension Plans |
97 |
“PACA” — It’s Not Just For Breakfast Anymore |
99 |
Personal Liability For Unpaid Withholding Taxes |
99 |
Transfer Taxes |
100 |
Reclamation Claims |
100 |
Retiree Benefits And Collective Bargaining Agreements |
101 |
Sale Of Assets |
101 |
Sales “Free And Clear” |
102 |
Credit Bids |
102 |
Every Sale Is An Auction Sale |
102 |
The “Strong Arm” Powers — Speak Softly But Carry A Big Stick |
104 |
Preferences |
104 |
Fraudulent Converyances |
106 |
Avoidance of “Secret Liens” |
107 |
The DIP As The “Hypothetical Bona Fide Purchaser" |
108 |
Post-Bankruptcy Transactions |
108 |
Dealing With Executory Contracts And Unexpired Leases |
109 |
What Is an “Executory Contract”? |
109 |
Assumption Or Rejection |
111 |
The “Special” Contracts |
113 |
Licenses Of Intellectual Property |
113 |
Shopping Center Leases |
114 |
Airport Landing Slots |
114 |
Timeshare Agreements |
115 |
Collective Bargaining Agreements |
115 |
Retiree Benefits |
115 |
Bankruptcy Court Jurisdiction (And Limitations On That Jurisdiction) |
116 |
Jurisdiction Over Assets |
116 |
“Core” Versus “Non-Core” Matters |
117 |
State Entities And The Seminole Tribe Problem |
118 |
CHAPTER FIVE: The Plan Of Reorganization |
120 |
Defining “Success” In Chapter 11 |
121 |
Quantifying The Debts — The “Bar Date” Order |
122 |
Step One: The Negotiation Process And Dynamics |
123 |
The “Used Car” Theory Of Corporate Reorganization Negotiation |
123 |
You’re Bound At The Wrists — Better Learn To Live With Each Other |
125 |
Keeping Control — “Exclusivity” Rules! |
125 |
Understanding And Appreciating What The Constituents Want And Need |
126 |
Step Two: Drafting The Plan Of Reorganization |
129 |
The Component Parts Of A Plan |
130 |
Step Three: The Disclosure Statement |
133 |
The Necessary Components Of A Disclosure Statement |
134 |
Disclosure Statement Projections |
135 |
Valuations — When Is Value Not Always Value? |
135 |
The Disclosure Statement Approval Process |
136 |
Step Four: The Solicitation Process |
137 |
The Logistics |
137 |
The “Solicitation Package” |
138 |
Who Is Entitled To Vote |
138 |
The Concept Of “Class Voting” |
140 |
“Bad Faith” Votes — The Concept Of “Designation Of Ballots" |
140 |
“A Card Laid Is A Card Played” — Changing Votes Once They’re Made |
141 |
The Tabulation Process |
141 |
Step Five: The Plan Confirmation Process |
142 |
The Thirteen Requirements For Confirmation |
142 |
A Word About Non-Voting Equity Securities |
145 |
A Word About Preserving NOLs |
146 |
Feasibility |
146 |
“Cramdown” And The Absolute Priority Rule |
147 |
The “Holy Grail" - Discharge |
149 |
Exculpation and Releases |
150 |
Step Six: “Going Effective” |
153 |
The “The “Effective Date” |
153 |
The Legal Effect Of A Confirmed Plan |
154 |
“Channeling Injunctions" |
154 |
Postconfirmation Activities |
155 |
Plan Defaults |
155 |
Plan Amendments And “Substantial Consummation” |
155 |
Default Remedies |
156 |
Serial Filings |
157 |
The “Final Decree” |
157 |
CHAPTER SIX: Arbitration: Ten Myths About Reorganization |
158 |
Myth One: “You can sell assets out from under liens!” |
158 |
Myth Two: “You can ‘cramdown’ a plan on all your creditors!” |
159 |
Myth Three: “It’s business as usual during the case!" |
159 |
Myth Four: “Customers will never deal with a company in bankruptcy!" |
160 |
Myth Five: “The automatic stay protects you against all evils!" |
160 |
Myth Six: “All your contracts are re-negotiable!” |
160 |
Myth Seven: “I’m the DIP—it’s my business judgment, dammit, and I’m in control of the process!” |
161 |
Myth Eight: “What’s good for the shareholders is good for the company!" |
162 |
Myth Nine: “The discharge clears all the company’s debts!” |
162 |
Myth Ten: “You’ll never borrow in this town again!" |
162 |
End Notes |
164 |
APPENDICES: Appendix: Description |
218 |
A: Glossary of Commonly Used Bankruptcy Terms |
218 |
B: Hypothetical Reorganization Timeline |
258 |
C: Sample Press Release |
263 |
D: Voluntary Petition |
266 |
E: Sample “First Day Orders" |
281 |
F: Sample Key Employee Retention Program |
380 |
G: Sample Committee Control Motion |
386 |
H: Sample Confidentiality Agreement |
397 |
I: Sample Cash Collateral Agreement |
401 |
J: Sample DIP Financing Agreement |
421 |
K: Sample Operating Report |
441 |
L: Sample Bar Date Order |
454 |
M: Sample “Solicitation Package" |
463 |
N: Sample Plan and Disclosure Statement — Debt-to-Equity Conversion |
478 |
O: Sample Plan — Liquidation |
601 |
P: Houlihan Lokey Termination Fee Study |
639 |
Q: Summary of Management Stock Incentive Plans
Implemented in Recent Restructuring
Transactions (HLHZ Report)
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678 |